Density Plot with Rug Marks — plotnine

A kernel density estimation (KDE) plot combined with rug marks along the x-axis, showing both the smoothed probability distribution and the exact location of each individual data point. This combination provides the best of both worlds: the KDE reveals the overall shape, modality, and smoothed density of the distribution, while the rug marks preserve transparency about where actual observations fall, highlighting data density and potential gaps.

Density Plot with Rug Marks rendered with plotnine

Python source (plotnine)

""" anyplot.ai
density-rug: Density Plot with Rug Marks
Library: plotnine 0.15.4 | Python 3.13.13
Quality: 93/100 | Updated: 2026-05-18
"""

import os

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from plotnine import (
    aes,
    element_line,
    element_rect,
    element_text,
    geom_density,
    geom_rug,
    ggplot,
    labs,
    theme,
    theme_minimal,
)


# Theme tokens
THEME = os.getenv("ANYPLOT_THEME", "light")
PAGE_BG = "#FAF8F1" if THEME == "light" else "#1A1A17"
ELEVATED_BG = "#FFFDF6" if THEME == "light" else "#242420"
INK = "#1A1A17" if THEME == "light" else "#F0EFE8"
INK_SOFT = "#4A4A44" if THEME == "light" else "#B8B7B0"
BRAND = "#009E73"  # Okabe-Ito position 1

# Data - Response times for a web API (bimodal distribution with outliers)
np.random.seed(42)
fast_responses = np.random.normal(loc=120, scale=25, size=180)
slow_responses = np.random.normal(loc=280, scale=40, size=70)
response_times = np.concatenate([fast_responses, slow_responses])
response_times = response_times[response_times > 0]
# Add more extreme outliers to showcase rug mark utility
outliers = np.random.uniform(400, 600, size=15)
response_times = np.concatenate([response_times, outliers])

df = pd.DataFrame({"response_time": response_times})

# Plot
plot = (
    ggplot(df, aes(x="response_time"))
    + geom_density(fill=BRAND, alpha=0.5, color=BRAND, size=1.5)
    + geom_rug(alpha=0.5, sides="b", size=1.4, color=BRAND, length=0.04)
    + labs(x="Response Time (ms)", y="Density", title="density-rug · Python · plotnine · anyplot.ai")
    + theme_minimal()
    + theme(
        figure_size=(16, 9),
        plot_background=element_rect(fill=PAGE_BG, color=PAGE_BG),
        panel_background=element_rect(fill=PAGE_BG),
        panel_grid_major=element_line(color=INK, size=0.3, alpha=0.12),
        panel_grid_minor=element_line(color=INK, size=0.2, alpha=0.06),
        panel_border=element_rect(color=INK_SOFT, fill=None, size=0.3),
        axis_title=element_text(size=20, color=INK),
        axis_text=element_text(size=16, color=INK_SOFT),
        axis_line=element_line(color=INK_SOFT, size=0.5),
        plot_title=element_text(size=24, color=INK),
    )
)

# Save
plot.save(f"plot-{THEME}.png", dpi=300, verbose=False)

Part of Density Plot with Rug Marks on anyplot.ai.

Density Plot with Rug Marks — plotnine

Python source (plotnine)

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