A Feynman diagram visualizes interactions between subatomic particles in quantum field theory. Different line styles represent different particle types: straight lines for fermions (electrons, quarks), wavy lines for photons, curly/looped lines for gluons, and dashed lines for scalar bosons (e.g., Higgs). Lines meet at vertices representing interaction points. Invented by Richard Feynman, these diagrams are both a computational tool and a cultural icon of modern physics.
""" anyplot.ai
feynman-basic: Feynman Diagram for Particle Interactions
Library: bokeh 3.9.0 | Python 3.13.13
Quality: 93/100 | Updated: 2026-06-03
"""
import os
import time
from pathlib import Path
import numpy as np
from bokeh.io import output_file, save
from bokeh.models import Arrow, BoxAnnotation, Label, NormalHead, Range1d
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
# Theme-adaptive chrome tokens
THEME = os.getenv("ANYPLOT_THEME", "light")
PAGE_BG = "#FAF8F1" if THEME == "light" else "#1A1A17"
ELEVATED_BG = "#FFFDF6" if THEME == "light" else "#242420"
INK = "#1A1A17" if THEME == "light" else "#F0EFE8"
INK_SOFT = "#4A4A44" if THEME == "light" else "#B8B7B0"
INK_MUTED = "#6B6A63" if THEME == "light" else "#A8A79F"
# Imprint palette — canonical order, positions 1-4
FERMION_COLOR = "#009E73" # pos 1: brand green — fermion lines (e, μ, b quarks)
PHOTON_COLOR = "#C475FD" # pos 2: lavender — wavy photon/Z propagators
BOSON_COLOR = "#4467A3" # pos 3: blue — dashed scalar Higgs
GLUON_COLOR = "#BD8233" # pos 4: ochre — curly gluon radiation
TYPE_COLORS = {"fermion": FERMION_COLOR, "photon": PHOTON_COLOR, "boson": BOSON_COLOR, "gluon": GLUON_COLOR}
# Data — Higgs-strahlung: e⁻e⁺ → Z* → ZH → μ⁻μ⁺ + bb̄ + g
# Coordinates spread wide to fill the 16:9 canvas (x: 0.3–13.8, y: −0.7–7.0)
v1 = (3.0, 3.75) # e⁻e⁺ annihilation vertex
v2 = (7.0, 3.75) # virtual Z*/γ endpoint + ZH-splitting vertex
v3 = (10.5, 5.8) # Z → μ⁻μ⁺ decay vertex
v4 = (10.5, 1.7) # H → bb̄g decay vertex
propagators = [
# Incoming fermions
{"start": (0.3, 7.0), "end": v1, "type": "fermion", "label": "e⁻", "arrow": "forward"},
{"start": (0.3, 0.5), "end": v1, "type": "fermion", "label": "e⁺", "arrow": "backward"},
# Virtual and real vector bosons (wavy)
{"start": v1, "end": v2, "type": "photon", "label": "Z*/γ"},
{"start": v2, "end": v3, "type": "photon", "label": "Z"},
# Scalar Higgs (dashed)
{"start": v2, "end": v4, "type": "boson", "label": "H"},
# Z decay products
{"start": v3, "end": (13.8, 7.0), "type": "fermion", "label": "μ⁻", "arrow": "forward"},
{"start": v3, "end": (13.8, 4.6), "type": "fermion", "label": "μ⁺", "arrow": "backward"},
# H decay products
{"start": v4, "end": (13.8, 3.2), "type": "fermion", "label": "b", "arrow": "forward"},
{"start": v4, "end": (13.8, 0.7), "type": "fermion", "label": "b̄", "arrow": "backward"},
{"start": v4, "end": (13.5, -0.7), "type": "gluon", "label": "g"},
]
# Canvas — 3200×1800 (landscape), title 43 chars < 67 baseline so no size scaling
title_str = "feynman-basic · python · bokeh · anyplot.ai"
p = figure(
width=3200,
height=1800,
title=title_str,
x_range=Range1d(-1.0, 17.0),
y_range=Range1d(-1.5, 9.0),
toolbar_location=None,
min_border_top=110,
min_border_bottom=100,
min_border_left=100,
min_border_right=80,
)
p.axis.visible = False
p.grid.visible = False
p.outline_line_color = None
p.background_fill_color = PAGE_BG
p.border_fill_color = PAGE_BG
p.title.text_font_size = "50pt"
p.title.text_color = INK
p.title.align = "center"
# Draw propagators
for prop in propagators:
x0, y0 = prop["start"]
x1, y1 = prop["end"]
dx, dy = x1 - x0, y1 - y0
length = np.sqrt(dx**2 + dy**2)
color = TYPE_COLORS[prop["type"]]
perp_x, perp_y = -dy / length, dx / length
if prop["type"] == "fermion":
p.line([x0, x1], [y0, y1], line_width=5, color=color)
# Directional arrow at midpoint (forward = particle, backward = antiparticle)
mid_x, mid_y = (x0 + x1) / 2, (y0 + y1) / 2
off = 0.28
if prop.get("arrow") == "backward":
sx, sy = mid_x + off * dx / length, mid_y + off * dy / length
ex, ey = mid_x - off * dx / length, mid_y - off * dy / length
else:
sx, sy = mid_x - off * dx / length, mid_y - off * dy / length
ex, ey = mid_x + off * dx / length, mid_y + off * dy / length
p.add_layout(
Arrow(
end=NormalHead(size=30, fill_color=color, line_color=color),
x_start=sx,
y_start=sy,
x_end=ex,
y_end=ey,
line_width=0,
line_alpha=0,
)
)
elif prop["type"] == "photon":
n_waves = max(6, int(length * 3.5))
t = np.linspace(0, 1, 600)
wave = 0.22 * np.sin(2 * np.pi * n_waves * t)
p.line(
(x0 + t * dx + wave * perp_x).tolist(), (y0 + t * dy + wave * perp_y).tolist(), line_width=5, color=color
)
elif prop["type"] == "gluon":
n_coils = max(5, int(length * 2.5))
t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1400)
angle = 2 * np.pi * n_coils * t
taper = np.minimum(t * 5, 1.0) * np.minimum((1 - t) * 5, 1.0)
eff_t = t - (0.18 * 1.2 / length) * np.sin(angle)
p.line(
(x0 + eff_t * dx + 0.18 * np.sin(angle) * perp_x * taper).tolist(),
(y0 + eff_t * dy + 0.18 * np.sin(angle) * perp_y * taper).tolist(),
line_width=4,
color=color,
)
elif prop["type"] == "boson":
p.line([x0, x1], [y0, y1], line_width=7, color=color, line_dash=[28, 14])
# Particle label — offset perpendicular to the propagator
mid_x, mid_y = (x0 + x1) / 2, (y0 + y1) / 2
p.add_layout(
Label(
x=mid_x + 0.45 * perp_x,
y=mid_y + 0.45 * perp_y,
text=prop["label"],
text_font_size="34pt",
text_font_style="italic",
text_color=INK,
text_align="center",
text_baseline="middle",
)
)
# Vertex dots (white-bordered filled circles)
verts_x = [v1[0], v2[0], v3[0], v4[0]]
verts_y = [v1[1], v2[1], v3[1], v4[1]]
p.scatter(verts_x, verts_y, size=28, color=INK, line_color=PAGE_BG, line_width=4)
# Legend — upper-right corner, past the outgoing particle endpoints
p.add_layout(
BoxAnnotation(
left=13.8,
right=16.7,
bottom=4.5,
top=8.3,
fill_color=ELEVATED_BG,
fill_alpha=0.92,
line_color=INK_SOFT,
line_width=1,
line_alpha=0.5,
)
)
legend_entries = [
("fermion", FERMION_COLOR, "solid"),
("photon / Z", PHOTON_COLOR, "wavy"),
("Higgs (H)", BOSON_COLOR, "dashed"),
("gluon", GLUON_COLOR, "curly"),
]
leg_x0, leg_len = 14.1, 0.9
for i, (name, color, style) in enumerate(legend_entries):
y = 7.8 - i * 0.85
lx1 = leg_x0 + leg_len
if style == "solid":
p.line([leg_x0, lx1], [y, y], line_width=5, color=color)
p.add_layout(
Arrow(
end=NormalHead(size=22, fill_color=color, line_color=color),
x_start=leg_x0 + 0.22,
y_start=y,
x_end=lx1 - 0.08,
y_end=y,
line_width=0,
line_alpha=0,
)
)
elif style == "wavy":
t_l = np.linspace(0, 1, 200)
p.line(
(leg_x0 + t_l * leg_len).tolist(),
(y + 0.10 * np.sin(2 * np.pi * 4 * t_l)).tolist(),
line_width=5,
color=color,
)
elif style == "curly":
t_l = np.linspace(0, 1, 400)
al = 2 * np.pi * 3 * t_l
tap = np.minimum(t_l * 5, 1.0) * np.minimum((1 - t_l) * 5, 1.0)
eff = t_l - (0.08 / leg_len) * np.sin(al)
p.line((leg_x0 + eff * leg_len).tolist(), (y + 0.08 * np.sin(al) * tap).tolist(), line_width=4, color=color)
elif style == "dashed":
p.line([leg_x0, lx1], [y, y], line_width=7, color=color, line_dash=[16, 8])
p.add_layout(
Label(
x=lx1 + 0.18,
y=y,
text=name,
text_font_size="28pt",
text_color=INK_SOFT,
text_align="left",
text_baseline="middle",
)
)
# Time axis arrow along the bottom
p.add_layout(
Arrow(
end=NormalHead(size=24, fill_color=INK_MUTED, line_color=INK_MUTED),
x_start=2.5,
y_start=-1.1,
x_end=11.5,
y_end=-1.1,
line_width=3,
line_color=INK_MUTED,
)
)
p.add_layout(
Label(
x=7.0,
y=-1.3,
text="time",
text_font_size="28pt",
text_color=INK_MUTED,
text_align="center",
text_baseline="top",
)
)
# Process equation at top center
p.add_layout(
Label(
x=7.0,
y=8.65,
text="e⁻e⁺ → Z* → ZH → μ⁻μ⁺ + bb̄ + g",
text_font_size="32pt",
text_color=INK_SOFT,
text_font_style="italic",
text_align="center",
text_baseline="middle",
)
)
# Save HTML (interactive catalog artifact)
output_file(f"plot-{THEME}.html")
save(p)
# Inject CSS reset so the figure starts at y=0 with no body margins
html_path = Path(f"plot-{THEME}.html")
html_src = html_path.read_text()
css_reset = "<style>html,body{margin:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}</style>"
html_path.write_text(html_src.replace("<head>", f"<head>{css_reset}"))
# Screenshot with headless Chrome — set outer window to 3200×1939 so that
# the inner viewport (after Chrome's 139px internal overhead) is exactly 3200×1800.
W, H = 3200, 1800
OUTER_H = 1939 # W × (H + 139px Chrome overhead) = correct inner viewport of H
opts = Options()
for arg in (
"--headless=new",
"--no-sandbox",
"--disable-dev-shm-usage",
"--disable-gpu",
f"--window-size={W},{OUTER_H}",
"--hide-scrollbars",
):
opts.add_argument(arg)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=opts)
driver.set_window_size(W, OUTER_H)
driver.get(f"file://{html_path.resolve()}")
time.sleep(3)
driver.save_screenshot(f"plot-{THEME}.png")
driver.quit()
Part of Feynman Diagram for Particle Interactions on anyplot.ai.