A periodic table of the elements rendered in its canonical layout — 18 groups across by 7 periods down, with the lanthanide and actinide series detached as two separate rows below — where each element tile is colored by a continuous property such as electronegativity, atomic radius, melting point, or first ionization energy. A colorbar maps tile color to property value, and every tile carries the element symbol and atomic number, optionally with the numeric property value. This visualization fuses an immediately recognizable fixed grid with heatmap encoding, turning a familiar reference chart into a tool for spotting periodic trends at a glance.
""" anyplot.ai
heatmap-periodic-table: Periodic Table Property Heatmap
Library: letsplot 4.10.1 | Python 3.13.13
Quality: 90/100 | Created: 2026-06-15
"""
import os
import pandas as pd
from lets_plot import *
from lets_plot.export import ggsave
LetsPlot.setup_html()
THEME = os.getenv("ANYPLOT_THEME", "light")
PAGE_BG = "#FAF8F1" if THEME == "light" else "#1A1A17"
ELEVATED_BG = "#FFFDF6" if THEME == "light" else "#242420"
INK = "#1A1A17" if THEME == "light" else "#F0EFE8"
INK_SOFT = "#4A4A44" if THEME == "light" else "#B8B7B0"
MISSING_FILL = "#C4C4BE" if THEME == "light" else "#383835"
# Fixed luminance-based text colors — tile fill is theme-independent so text choice is too
LIGHT_TEXT = "#F0EFE8" # for dark tiles (relative luminance < 0.35)
DARK_TEXT = "#1A1A17" # for light tiles (relative luminance >= 0.35)
# Data: (atomic_number, symbol, group_pos, period_pos, pauling_en)
# period_pos 8.5 = lanthanide row below main table, 9.5 = actinide row
ELEMENTS = [
# Period 1
(1, "H", 1, 1, 2.20),
(2, "He", 18, 1, None),
# Period 2
(3, "Li", 1, 2, 0.98),
(4, "Be", 2, 2, 1.57),
(5, "B", 13, 2, 2.04),
(6, "C", 14, 2, 2.55),
(7, "N", 15, 2, 3.04),
(8, "O", 16, 2, 3.44),
(9, "F", 17, 2, 3.98),
(10, "Ne", 18, 2, None),
# Period 3
(11, "Na", 1, 3, 0.93),
(12, "Mg", 2, 3, 1.31),
(13, "Al", 13, 3, 1.61),
(14, "Si", 14, 3, 1.90),
(15, "P", 15, 3, 2.19),
(16, "S", 16, 3, 2.58),
(17, "Cl", 17, 3, 3.16),
(18, "Ar", 18, 3, None),
# Period 4
(19, "K", 1, 4, 0.82),
(20, "Ca", 2, 4, 1.00),
(21, "Sc", 3, 4, 1.36),
(22, "Ti", 4, 4, 1.54),
(23, "V", 5, 4, 1.63),
(24, "Cr", 6, 4, 1.66),
(25, "Mn", 7, 4, 1.55),
(26, "Fe", 8, 4, 1.83),
(27, "Co", 9, 4, 1.88),
(28, "Ni", 10, 4, 1.91),
(29, "Cu", 11, 4, 1.90),
(30, "Zn", 12, 4, 1.65),
(31, "Ga", 13, 4, 1.81),
(32, "Ge", 14, 4, 2.01),
(33, "As", 15, 4, 2.18),
(34, "Se", 16, 4, 2.55),
(35, "Br", 17, 4, 2.96),
(36, "Kr", 18, 4, 3.00),
# Period 5
(37, "Rb", 1, 5, 0.82),
(38, "Sr", 2, 5, 0.95),
(39, "Y", 3, 5, 1.22),
(40, "Zr", 4, 5, 1.33),
(41, "Nb", 5, 5, 1.60),
(42, "Mo", 6, 5, 2.16),
(43, "Tc", 7, 5, 1.90),
(44, "Ru", 8, 5, 2.20),
(45, "Rh", 9, 5, 2.20),
(46, "Pd", 10, 5, 2.20),
(47, "Ag", 11, 5, 1.93),
(48, "Cd", 12, 5, 1.69),
(49, "In", 13, 5, 1.78),
(50, "Sn", 14, 5, 1.96),
(51, "Sb", 15, 5, 2.05),
(52, "Te", 16, 5, 2.10),
(53, "I", 17, 5, 2.66),
(54, "Xe", 18, 5, 2.60),
# Period 6 — group 3 empty; La–Lu in f-block row below
(55, "Cs", 1, 6, 0.79),
(56, "Ba", 2, 6, 0.89),
(72, "Hf", 4, 6, 1.30),
(73, "Ta", 5, 6, 1.50),
(74, "W", 6, 6, 2.36),
(75, "Re", 7, 6, 1.90),
(76, "Os", 8, 6, 2.20),
(77, "Ir", 9, 6, 2.20),
(78, "Pt", 10, 6, 2.28),
(79, "Au", 11, 6, 2.54),
(80, "Hg", 12, 6, 2.00),
(81, "Tl", 13, 6, 1.62),
(82, "Pb", 14, 6, 2.33),
(83, "Bi", 15, 6, 2.02),
(84, "Po", 16, 6, 2.00),
(85, "At", 17, 6, 2.20),
(86, "Rn", 18, 6, 2.20),
# Period 7 — group 3 empty; Ac–Lr in f-block row below
(87, "Fr", 1, 7, 0.70),
(88, "Ra", 2, 7, 0.90),
(104, "Rf", 4, 7, None),
(105, "Db", 5, 7, None),
(106, "Sg", 6, 7, None),
(107, "Bh", 7, 7, None),
(108, "Hs", 8, 7, None),
(109, "Mt", 9, 7, None),
(110, "Ds", 10, 7, None),
(111, "Rg", 11, 7, None),
(112, "Cn", 12, 7, None),
(113, "Nh", 13, 7, None),
(114, "Fl", 14, 7, None),
(115, "Mc", 15, 7, None),
(116, "Lv", 16, 7, None),
(117, "Ts", 17, 7, None),
(118, "Og", 18, 7, None),
# Lanthanides: period_pos=8.5, groups 3–17
(57, "La", 3, 8.5, 1.10),
(58, "Ce", 4, 8.5, 1.12),
(59, "Pr", 5, 8.5, 1.13),
(60, "Nd", 6, 8.5, 1.14),
(61, "Pm", 7, 8.5, None),
(62, "Sm", 8, 8.5, 1.17),
(63, "Eu", 9, 8.5, None),
(64, "Gd", 10, 8.5, 1.20),
(65, "Tb", 11, 8.5, None),
(66, "Dy", 12, 8.5, 1.22),
(67, "Ho", 13, 8.5, 1.23),
(68, "Er", 14, 8.5, 1.24),
(69, "Tm", 15, 8.5, 1.25),
(70, "Yb", 16, 8.5, None),
(71, "Lu", 17, 8.5, 1.27),
# Actinides: period_pos=9.5, groups 3–17
(89, "Ac", 3, 9.5, 1.10),
(90, "Th", 4, 9.5, 1.30),
(91, "Pa", 5, 9.5, 1.50),
(92, "U", 6, 9.5, 1.38),
(93, "Np", 7, 9.5, 1.36),
(94, "Pu", 8, 9.5, 1.28),
(95, "Am", 9, 9.5, 1.13),
(96, "Cm", 10, 9.5, 1.28),
(97, "Bk", 11, 9.5, 1.30),
(98, "Cf", 12, 9.5, 1.30),
(99, "Es", 13, 9.5, 1.30),
(100, "Fm", 14, 9.5, 1.30),
(101, "Md", 15, 9.5, 1.30),
(102, "No", 16, 9.5, 1.30),
(103, "Lr", 17, 9.5, None),
]
df = pd.DataFrame(ELEMENTS, columns=["atomic_number", "symbol", "group_pos", "period_pos", "electronegativity"])
df["x"] = df["group_pos"]
df["y"] = -df["period_pos"]
df["label_num"] = df["atomic_number"].astype(str)
df_colored = df[df["electronegativity"].notna()].copy()
df_missing = df[df["electronegativity"].isna()].copy()
# Luminance-adaptive text: lerp gradient endpoints in sRGB, compute WCAG relative luminance
# Gradient: #009E73 (low EN) → #4467A3 (high EN)
en_min = df_colored["electronegativity"].min()
en_max = df_colored["electronegativity"].max()
t = (df_colored["electronegativity"] - en_min) / (en_max - en_min)
r_srgb = (0x00 + t * (0x44 - 0x00)) / 255.0
g_srgb = (0x9E + t * (0x67 - 0x9E)) / 255.0
b_srgb = (0x73 + t * (0xA3 - 0x73)) / 255.0
r_lin = (r_srgb / 12.92).where(r_srgb <= 0.04045, ((r_srgb + 0.055) / 1.055) ** 2.4)
g_lin = (g_srgb / 12.92).where(g_srgb <= 0.04045, ((g_srgb + 0.055) / 1.055) ** 2.4)
b_lin = (b_srgb / 12.92).where(b_srgb <= 0.04045, ((b_srgb + 0.055) / 1.055) ** 2.4)
luminance = 0.2126 * r_lin + 0.7152 * g_lin + 0.0722 * b_lin
df_colored["sym_color"] = luminance.apply(lambda lum: LIGHT_TEXT if lum < 0.35 else DARK_TEXT)
df_sym_light = df_colored[df_colored["sym_color"] == LIGHT_TEXT]
df_sym_dark = df_colored[df_colored["sym_color"] == DARK_TEXT]
title = "Electronegativity · heatmap-periodic-table · python · letsplot · anyplot.ai"
title_n = len(title)
title_size = max(11, round(16 * 67 / title_n))
anyplot_theme = theme(
plot_background=element_rect(fill=PAGE_BG, color=PAGE_BG),
panel_background=element_rect(fill=PAGE_BG),
panel_grid_major=element_blank(),
panel_grid_minor=element_blank(),
axis_title=element_blank(),
axis_text=element_blank(),
axis_ticks=element_blank(),
axis_line=element_blank(),
plot_title=element_text(color=INK, size=title_size),
legend_background=element_rect(fill=ELEVATED_BG, color=INK_SOFT),
legend_text=element_text(color=INK_SOFT, size=10),
legend_title=element_text(color=INK, size=11),
)
plot = (
ggplot()
# Grey tiles for elements with no defined electronegativity
+ geom_tile(
mapping=aes(x="x", y="y"),
data=df_missing,
fill=MISSING_FILL,
color=PAGE_BG,
size=0.4,
width=0.93,
height=0.93,
tooltips=layer_tooltips().line("@symbol (#@atomic_number)").line("EN: not defined"),
)
# Colored tiles — Imprint sequential: green (low EN) → blue (high EN)
+ geom_tile(
mapping=aes(x="x", y="y", fill="electronegativity"),
data=df_colored,
color=PAGE_BG,
size=0.4,
width=0.93,
height=0.93,
tooltips=layer_tooltips()
.line("@symbol (#@atomic_number)")
.line("Electronegativity: @electronegativity Pauling"),
)
# Element symbols — luminance-adaptive: LIGHT_TEXT on dark tiles, DARK_TEXT on light tiles
+ geom_text(
mapping=aes(x="x", y="y", label="symbol"),
data=df_sym_light,
color=LIGHT_TEXT,
size=3.0,
fontface="bold",
vjust=0.6,
)
+ geom_text(
mapping=aes(x="x", y="y", label="symbol"),
data=df_sym_dark,
color=DARK_TEXT,
size=3.0,
fontface="bold",
vjust=0.6,
)
+ geom_text(
mapping=aes(x="x", y="y", label="symbol"), data=df_missing, color=INK_SOFT, size=3.0, fontface="bold", vjust=0.6
)
# Atomic numbers — top-left corner; LIGHT_TEXT on colored tiles, INK_SOFT on grey tiles
+ geom_text(
mapping=aes(x="x", y="y", label="label_num"),
data=df_colored,
color=LIGHT_TEXT,
size=1.7,
nudge_x=-0.30,
nudge_y=0.30,
hjust=0,
)
+ geom_text(
mapping=aes(x="x", y="y", label="label_num"),
data=df_missing,
color=INK_SOFT,
size=1.7,
nudge_x=-0.30,
nudge_y=0.30,
hjust=0,
)
+ scale_fill_gradient(low="#009E73", high="#4467A3", name="Pauling\nEN", na_value=MISSING_FILL)
+ labs(title=title)
+ ggsize(800, 450)
+ anyplot_theme
)
ggsave(plot, f"plot-{THEME}.png", path=".", scale=4)
ggsave(plot, f"plot-{THEME}.html", path=".")
Part of Periodic Table Property Heatmap on anyplot.ai.