A nested donut chart displays hierarchical data as multiple concentric rings, where each ring represents a level of the hierarchy. Inner rings show parent categories while outer rings show their subdivisions. This visualization effectively reveals part-to-whole relationships across multiple levels while maintaining the familiar donut format.
# anyplot.ai
# donut-nested: Nested Donut Chart
# Library: makie 0.21.9 | Julia 1.11.9
# Quality: 95/100 | Created: 2026-08-18
using CairoMakie
using Colors
using Random
Random.seed!(42)
# --- Theme tokens -------------------------------------------------------------
THEME = get(ENV, "ANYPLOT_THEME", "light")
PAGE_BG = THEME == "light" ? colorant"#FAF8F1" : colorant"#1A1A17"
ELEVATED_BG = THEME == "light" ? colorant"#FFFDF6" : colorant"#242420"
INK = THEME == "light" ? colorant"#1A1A17" : colorant"#F0EFE8"
INK_SOFT = THEME == "light" ? colorant"#4A4A44" : colorant"#B8B7B0"
# Imprint categorical palette — one hue family per department (level_1)
IMPRINT_PALETTE = [
colorant"#009E73", # 1 — brand green
colorant"#C475FD", # 2 — lavender
colorant"#4467A3", # 3 — blue
colorant"#BD8233", # 4 — ochre
]
# --- Data -----------------------------------------------------------------
# Annual IT budget (in $ thousands): department totals (level_1, inner ring)
# broken down into expense categories (level_2, outer ring). Outer values
# aggregate up to the inner ring, per department.
departments = ["Engineering", "Sales & Marketing", "Operations", "Customer Support"]
expense_categories = [
["Salaries", "Cloud Infra", "Tooling"],
["Advertising", "Events", "Content", "Travel"],
["Facilities", "Logistics", "Utilities"],
["Staffing", "Software", "Training"],
]
expense_values = [
[420.0, 180.0, 60.0],
[140.0, 90.0, 55.0, 35.0],
[95.0, 70.0, 40.0],
[110.0, 45.0, 25.0],
]
department_totals = [sum(v) for v in expense_values]
grand_total = sum(department_totals)
# Same hue family per department, lightness spread across its children so the
# outer ring visually nests under its parent wedge.
department_hsl = [Colors.HSL(c) for c in IMPRINT_PALETTE]
child_colors = [
[Colors.RGB(Colors.HSL(hsl.h, hsl.s, clamp(hsl.l + t, 0.18, 0.82)))
for t in range(-0.16, 0.24; length = length(expense_values[i]))]
for (i, hsl) in enumerate(department_hsl)
]
outer_values = reduce(vcat, expense_values)
outer_labels = reduce(vcat, expense_categories)
outer_colors = reduce(vcat, child_colors)
outer_shares = outer_values ./ grand_total
# --- Figure -----------------------------------------------------------------
fig = Figure(
resolution = (1200, 1200),
fontsize = 14,
backgroundcolor = PAGE_BG,
)
ax = Axis(
fig[1, 1];
title = "donut-nested · julia · makie · anyplot.ai",
titlesize = 20,
titlecolor = INK,
backgroundcolor = PAGE_BG,
aspect = DataAspect(),
)
hidedecorations!(ax)
hidespines!(ax)
RING_START_OFFSET = pi / 2 # rotate first wedge to 12 o'clock
# Inner ring — department totals
pie!(
ax, department_totals;
color = IMPRINT_PALETTE[1:length(department_totals)],
radius = 0.55,
inner_radius = 0.28,
offset = RING_START_OFFSET,
strokecolor = PAGE_BG,
strokewidth = 4,
)
# Outer ring — expense categories nested under each department
pie!(
ax, outer_values;
color = outer_colors,
radius = 1.0,
inner_radius = 0.60,
offset = RING_START_OFFSET,
strokecolor = PAGE_BG,
strokewidth = 3,
)
# --- Segment mid-angles (mirrors the pie recipe's own boundary math) --------
inner_boundaries = cumsum([0.0; department_totals]) ./ grand_total .* 2pi
inner_mid_angles = [
(inner_boundaries[i] + inner_boundaries[i + 1]) / 2 + RING_START_OFFSET
for i in 1:length(department_totals)
]
inner_label_radius = (0.28 + 0.55) / 2
inner_label_x = [cos(a) * inner_label_radius for a in inner_mid_angles]
inner_label_y = [sin(a) * inner_label_radius for a in inner_mid_angles]
outer_boundaries = cumsum([0.0; outer_values]) ./ grand_total .* 2pi
outer_mid_angles = [
(outer_boundaries[i] + outer_boundaries[i + 1]) / 2 + RING_START_OFFSET
for i in 1:length(outer_values)
]
outer_label_radius = (0.60 + 1.0) / 2
outer_label_x = [cos(a) * outer_label_radius for a in outer_mid_angles]
outer_label_y = [sin(a) * outer_label_radius for a in outer_mid_angles]
# Pick dark or light text per wedge so labels stay legible whether their
# background is a pale or a deep lightness variant of the department hue.
# These are the two fixed ink anchors from the style guide (not theme-flipped
# like INK/ELEVATED_BG) — the right anchor depends on the wedge's own
# lightness, not on which theme is rendering.
LABEL_ON_LIGHT = colorant"#1A1A17"
LABEL_ON_DARK = colorant"#F0EFE8"
inner_wedge_colors = IMPRINT_PALETTE[1:length(department_totals)]
inner_text_colors = [Colors.HSL(c).l >= 0.55 ? LABEL_ON_LIGHT : LABEL_ON_DARK for c in inner_wedge_colors]
outer_text_colors = [Colors.HSL(c).l >= 0.55 ? LABEL_ON_LIGHT : LABEL_ON_DARK for c in outer_colors]
# Direct labels on department wedges — 4 segments, all comfortably fit.
text!(
ax, inner_label_x, inner_label_y;
text = [string(d, "\n", round(Int, 100 * department_totals[i] / grand_total), "%")
for (i, d) in enumerate(departments)],
align = (:center, :center),
color = inner_text_colors,
fontsize = 14,
font = :bold,
)
# Direct labels only on larger outer segments; smaller ones fall back to the
# legend below so text never crowds thin wedges.
LABEL_SHARE_THRESHOLD = 0.06
labeled_idx = findall(>=(LABEL_SHARE_THRESHOLD), outer_shares)
legend_idx = findall(<(LABEL_SHARE_THRESHOLD), outer_shares)
text!(
ax, outer_label_x[labeled_idx], outer_label_y[labeled_idx];
text = [string(outer_labels[i], "\n", round(Int, 100 * outer_shares[i]), "%")
for i in labeled_idx],
align = (:center, :center),
color = outer_text_colors[labeled_idx],
fontsize = 13,
font = :bold,
)
# Center total
text!(
ax, 0.0, 0.0;
text = string("Total\n\$", round(Int, grand_total), "K"),
align = (:center, :center),
color = INK,
fontsize = 15,
font = :bold,
)
# Legend for the smaller outer-ring segments (share < threshold)
legend_elems = [PolyElement(color = outer_colors[i], strokecolor = PAGE_BG, strokewidth = 1)
for i in legend_idx]
legend_text = [string(outer_labels[i], " (", round(Int, 100 * outer_shares[i]), "%)")
for i in legend_idx]
Legend(
fig[2, 1], legend_elems, legend_text, "Smaller expense categories";
orientation = :horizontal,
nbanks = 2,
framevisible = false,
backgroundcolor = PAGE_BG,
labelcolor = INK_SOFT,
titlecolor = INK_SOFT,
labelsize = 12,
titlesize = 12,
)
rowsize!(fig.layout, 1, Relative(0.82))
rowsize!(fig.layout, 2, Relative(0.18))
# --- Save ---------------------------------------------------------------------
save("plot-$(THEME).png", fig; px_per_unit = 2)
Part of Nested Donut Chart on anyplot.ai.