A multi-channel electrocardiogram display showing the 12 standard ECG leads arranged in clinical format. Each lead displays realistic P-QRS-T wave complexes on a medical-standard grid background with calibration markers. This visualization replicates the familiar layout used in hospitals and clinics worldwide, making it immediately recognizable to healthcare professionals and useful for medical education.
#' anyplot.ai
#' ecg-twelve-lead: ECG/EKG 12-Lead Waveform Display
#' Library: ggplot2 3.5.1 | R 4.4.1
#' Quality: 93/100 | Created: 2026-06-17
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(ragg)
set.seed(42)
# --- Theme tokens -----------------------------------------------------------
THEME <- Sys.getenv("ANYPLOT_THEME", "light")
PAGE_BG <- if (THEME == "light") "#FAF8F1" else "#1A1A17"
INK <- if (THEME == "light") "#1A1A17" else "#F0EFE8"
INK_SOFT <- if (THEME == "light") "#4A4A44" else "#B8B7B0"
# Imprint palette — first series is always brand green; the ECG trace is the
# single data series, so it renders in position 1 (#009E73).
TRACE <- "#009E73"
# ECG paper grid uses the classic medical red/pink, derived from the Imprint
# matte-red anchor (#AE3030). Lighter on the dark surface so it stays visible.
GRID_COL <- if (THEME == "light") "#AE3030" else "#D98C8C"
MINOR_ALPHA <- if (THEME == "light") 0.16 else 0.24
MAJOR_ALPHA <- if (THEME == "light") 0.38 else 0.50
# --- ECG model --------------------------------------------------------------
# Standard scale: 25 mm/s (time) and 10 mm/mV (voltage). We work in millimetre
# coordinates so that one small grid box (1 mm) equals 0.04 s and 0.1 mV, and
# coord_fixed keeps the boxes square — the authentic ECG-paper look.
MM_PER_S <- 25 # horizontal calibration
MM_PER_MV <- 10 # vertical calibration
RR <- 60 / 72 # normal sinus rhythm, ~72 bpm
# Single-beat P-QRS-T morphology built from Gaussian components. The phase
# wraps with the RR interval so every beat in a strip is identical.
strip_t <- seq(0, 2.5, length.out = 2500) # 2.5 s per cell at 1000 Hz
strip_ph <- ((strip_t - 0.30 + RR / 2) %% RR) - RR / 2
# Per-lead wave amplitudes (mV) reproduce normal precordial/limb morphology:
# rS pattern in V1-V2, tall R in V4-V6, fully inverted aVR, etc.
leads <- tibble::tribble(
~lead, ~row, ~col, ~p, ~q, ~r, ~s, ~tw,
"I", 1L, 1L, 0.10, -0.04, 0.85, -0.10, 0.22,
"aVR", 1L, 2L, -0.10, 0.00, -0.75, 0.00, -0.22,
"V1", 1L, 3L, 0.08, 0.00, 0.30, -0.85, -0.12,
"V4", 1L, 4L, 0.12, -0.08, 1.45, -0.30, 0.38,
"II", 2L, 1L, 0.16, -0.04, 1.20, -0.10, 0.32,
"aVL", 2L, 2L, 0.06, -0.03, 0.48, -0.16, 0.13,
"V2", 2L, 3L, 0.10, 0.00, 0.45, -1.25, 0.24,
"V5", 2L, 4L, 0.12, -0.10, 1.35, -0.22, 0.36,
"III", 3L, 1L, 0.09, 0.00, 0.62, -0.05, 0.16,
"aVF", 3L, 2L, 0.13, -0.03, 0.88, -0.08, 0.24,
"V3", 3L, 3L, 0.12, -0.05, 0.85, -0.85, 0.30,
"V6", 3L, 4L, 0.10, -0.08, 1.15, -0.16, 0.32
)
row_center <- c(128, 86, 44) # mm, top row highest
col_x <- function(c) (c - 1) * (2.5 * MM_PER_S) # 62.5 mm per cell
# Build the 12 lead strips into one long data frame.
strip_list <- vector("list", nrow(leads))
for (i in seq_len(nrow(leads))) {
lp <- leads[i, ]
wave <- lp$p * exp(-0.5 * ((strip_ph + 0.190) / 0.022)^2) +
lp$q * exp(-0.5 * ((strip_ph + 0.025) / 0.0085)^2) +
lp$r * exp(-0.5 * ((strip_ph + 0.000) / 0.011)^2) +
lp$s * exp(-0.5 * ((strip_ph - 0.028) / 0.011)^2) +
lp$tw * exp(-0.5 * ((strip_ph - 0.200) / 0.045)^2)
wave <- wave + rnorm(length(strip_t), 0, 0.008)
strip_list[[i]] <- tibble::tibble(
x = col_x(lp$col) + strip_t * MM_PER_S,
y = row_center[lp$row] + wave * MM_PER_MV,
lead = lp$lead
)
}
ecg <- bind_rows(strip_list)
# Full-length Lead II rhythm strip across the bottom (10 s continuous).
rhythm_t <- seq(0, 10, length.out = 10000)
rhythm_ph <- ((rhythm_t - 0.30 + RR / 2) %% RR) - RR / 2
rhythm_wave <- 0.16 * exp(-0.5 * ((rhythm_ph + 0.190) / 0.022)^2) +
-0.04 * exp(-0.5 * ((rhythm_ph + 0.025) / 0.0085)^2) +
1.20 * exp(-0.5 * ((rhythm_ph + 0.000) / 0.011)^2) +
-0.10 * exp(-0.5 * ((rhythm_ph - 0.028) / 0.011)^2) +
0.32 * exp(-0.5 * ((rhythm_ph - 0.200) / 0.045)^2)
rhythm_wave <- rhythm_wave + rnorm(length(rhythm_t), 0, 0.008)
rhythm <- tibble::tibble(
x = rhythm_t * MM_PER_S,
y = 12 + rhythm_wave * MM_PER_MV,
lead = "II"
)
# 1 mV calibration pulses (a 10 mm step) at the left margin of every row.
cal_centers <- c(row_center, 12)
cal_list <- vector("list", length(cal_centers))
for (i in seq_along(cal_centers)) {
cal_list[[i]] <- tibble::tibble(
x = c(-9, -6, -6, -3, -3, -0.5),
y = cal_centers[i] + c(0, 0, 10, 10, 0, 0),
grp = i
)
}
cal <- bind_rows(cal_list)
# Lead name labels at the top-left of each cell.
labels <- tibble::tibble(
x = col_x(leads$col) + 2,
y = row_center[leads$row] + 16,
lead = leads$lead
)
labels <- bind_rows(labels, tibble::tibble(x = 2, y = 12 + 16, lead = "II"))
# Grid coordinates (1 mm minor, 5 mm major) spanning the full display.
x_lo <- -11
x_hi <- 251
y_lo <- -3
y_hi <- 151
minor_x <- seq(-10, 250, by = 1)
minor_y <- seq(0, 150, by = 1)
major_x <- seq(-10, 250, by = 5)
major_y <- seq(0, 150, by = 5)
# --- Plot -------------------------------------------------------------------
p <- ggplot() +
geom_vline(xintercept = minor_x, color = GRID_COL, linewidth = 0.12, alpha = MINOR_ALPHA) +
geom_hline(yintercept = minor_y, color = GRID_COL, linewidth = 0.12, alpha = MINOR_ALPHA) +
geom_vline(xintercept = major_x, color = GRID_COL, linewidth = 0.30, alpha = MAJOR_ALPHA) +
geom_hline(yintercept = major_y, color = GRID_COL, linewidth = 0.30, alpha = MAJOR_ALPHA) +
geom_path(data = cal, aes(x = x, y = y, group = grp), color = INK, linewidth = 0.5) +
geom_path(data = ecg, aes(x = x, y = y, group = lead), color = TRACE, linewidth = 0.42) +
geom_path(data = rhythm, aes(x = x, y = y), color = TRACE, linewidth = 0.42) +
geom_text(
data = labels, aes(x = x, y = y, label = lead),
color = INK, fontface = "bold", size = 4, hjust = 0
) +
labs(
title = "ecg-twelve-lead · r · ggplot2 · anyplot.ai",
subtitle = "Synthetic normal sinus rhythm (~72 bpm) · 25 mm/s · 10 mm/mV · 1 mV calibration"
) +
coord_fixed(ratio = 1, xlim = c(x_lo, x_hi), ylim = c(y_lo, y_hi), expand = FALSE) +
theme_void(base_size = 8) +
theme(
plot.background = element_rect(fill = PAGE_BG, color = PAGE_BG),
panel.background = element_rect(fill = PAGE_BG, color = NA),
plot.title = element_text(color = INK, size = 13, face = "bold", hjust = 0.5,
margin = margin(b = 4)),
plot.subtitle = element_text(color = INK_SOFT, size = 8.5, hjust = 0.5,
margin = margin(b = 8)),
plot.margin = margin(14, 18, 14, 18)
)
# --- Save -------------------------------------------------------------------
ggsave(
filename = sprintf("plot-%s.png", THEME),
plot = p,
device = ragg::agg_png,
width = 8,
height = 4.5,
units = "in",
dpi = 400
)
Part of ECG/EKG 12-Lead Waveform Display on anyplot.ai.